Act Utilitarianism Versus Kant s Principle Of Ends Essay

Act Utilitarianism versus Kant’s Principle of Ends. Introduction There are many theories out there when it comes to any kind of ethics. I will be discussing Act Utilitarianism and Kant’s Principle of Ends. Both are good theories, but they do have their differences. I think that how we perceive either of these depends on how we were brought up by our families and what we believe in when it comes down to making decisions. While both are similar theories they are also different in their own way. All of my research on this paper I pulled from our book â€Å"Ethical Choices† 2011. Theories, Pros, Cons and Opinion Act Utilitarianism is the morally right act, for any situation, is that act which produce the greatest overall utility in its consequences. (â€Å"Ethical Choices† 2011). Act utilitarians believe that we need to understand what is right and what is wrong in order for us to make ethical decisions. In doing so, it tells us what we ought to do to promote the greatest amount of utility. In this view, we are focused on the scope, duration, intensity and probability of our actions. The scope tells us how many people are affected by certain actions; The duration tells us the amount of time that the effects our actions last; Intensity tells us how differently people are affected by our actions in that no two situation affect people the same; and, The probability tells us that we can’t predict our futures, but we can estimate how are actions affect others. In act utilitarianism weShow MoreRelatedKant And The Moral Law1451 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Kant argues that mere conformity with the moral law is not sufficient for moral goodness. I will argue that Kant is right. 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Analysis Of Adipose Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

â€Å"Research Proposal† Medical Biotechnology, Health Sciences Honours Research Proposal 30/06/2015 John Drummond 2040768 1) Grant titles Scientific title Analysis of adipose derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC’s) microRNA (miRNA) expression profile over multiple passages and pancreatic ÃŽ ²-cell miRNA expression profile post differentiation from iPSC’s. Simplified title Improvement of stem cell differentiation to pancreatic ÃŽ ²-cell for transplantation into diabetics. 2) Project summary Ethical concerns regarding the use of embryo-derived embryonic stem cells (ES), and the immune response elicited by differentiated ES cells, are being circumvented by using induced pluripotential stem cells (iPSCs) derived from patients’ somatic cells. These can be differentiated into other cell types including pancreatic ï  ¢-cells for diabetics. Unfortunately aspects of iPSC DNA regulation of differentiation impair the production of cells for transplant. Understanding the role of micro RNAs in iPSC differentiation could improve the therapeutic application of iPSCs. 3) Keywords Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC’s) Embryonic stem cells (ES) Micro RNA (miRNA) Epigenetics Pancreatic ÃŽ ²-cells 4) Clearance requirements: List any ethical implications approvals required. Describe each that applies to your proposal (ie. humans, animals, hazardous chemicals, biohazards, OGTR) in ~2 lines. Human research ethics committee (HREC) application and approval required to collectShow MoreRelatedRole Of The Wnt / ÃŽÂ’ On The Treatment Of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ( Ards )1240 Words   |  5 PagesMany studies have been done regarding stem cells. One study looked at the role of the Wnt/ÃŽ ²-catenin signaling pathway in the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into type II alveolar epithelial cells for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This study was done in mice with acute respiratory distress syndrome. ÃŽ ²-catenin or GFP control were transfected into mice mesenchymal stem cells, and these mesenchymal stem cells were put into the trachea tissue of the mice. SeveralRead MoreAn Introduction Of Regenerative Medicine2246 Words   |  9 Pagesrelative modern and multidisciplinary field of study, encompassing molecular biology, genetics, immunology and biochemistry.[1] It aims to recover the normal function of dysfunctional tissue and organs through repairing, replacing or regenerating human cells, tissue or organs. [2,3] Generally, there are three interrelated aspects to the regenerative medicine scope, i.e. rejuvenation, replacement and regeneration, respectively.[4] It is also represented as the â€Å"R3† regenerative medicine paradigm for theRead MoreStem Cells And Its Effect On The Body During The Initial Process Of Growth And Development2750 Words   |  11 PagesStem cells develop itself into various types of cells inside the body during the initial process of growth and development. Coupled with it, stem cells also play the role of an internal recovery system, in which it replicates itself limitlessly to stocks up the rest of the cells till the individual remains alive. When a stem cell multiplies itself, every new cell produced has the ability to perform the functions of a stem cell or may become some other sort of cell with greater and better well versed

Difference between Social and Traditional Business Models Free Essays

string(172) " countries that a central system is in place that makes it possible for water to be pumped into millions of households which might not be the case in developing countries\." Introduction Social business models are considered as a new innovation to the way organisations do business in the 21st century. These models to some extent contradict to the traditional business models, as the aim of latter is to primarily provide financial returns to shareholders. However, social business models have been conceptualised on the idea and rationale of contributing substantially to the community, and are built with the vision of achieving a social objective (Donaldson et al, 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on Difference between Social and Traditional Business Models or any similar topic only for you Order Now A social objective in this term may refer to socially responsible objectives which are aimed at improving the lives of individuals living within a community. Yunus and Weber (2010) for example, state that this could include setting up infrastructures and facilities and ensuring that individuals have an appropriate standard of living. However, the social responsibility of the social business model, seems to go one step further, which is to structure its business according to its social objective aim, which is in contrast to traditional business models that structure their businesses according to their core value offering, and only after profits have been made, would they now contribute a portion to their CSR objective. This essay is going to assess the business models adopted by social businesses, and compare them against traditional business models to ascertain whether, and to what extent, they are different from one another (1). Grameen Veolia Water Ltd is a water company that builds and operates water production and treatment plans in several poor villages in Bangladesh. It is a joint venture between a multinational corporation and local healthcare company which required an upfront investment of eight hundred thousand dollars. Their main aim is to develop projects in five villages, where the company would produce and deliver drinking water, which would then be sold at the factory location for a profit (Yunus Centre, 2009). In essence, the company’s business model was to identify a social problem – drinking water, and invest in infrastructure that would enable the company to meet the demand in the region. The water is being paid for, which enables the company to cover its investments. According to Yunus and Weber (2010), the profits from this investment are re-invested back into the business and enable the company to expand its operations and further assist in solving the problem of water short age in several other regions. The business model adopted by Grameen Veolia Water Ltd in Bangladesh can be considered as a social business model because it has a non-dividend, non-loss policy as depicted by Yunus and Weber (2010), which initially conceptualised the social business model. However, by comparing it against a similar business, it would be easy to identify to which extent they are similar, or different from the traditional business models. Thames Water is the UK’s largest water and wastewater Services Company which supplies millions of houses across London and 2.6 billion litres of tap water daily. Its primary business model, as seen from its website, is to build the relevant infrastructure required to pump millions of litres into London homes daily, and send them a monthly or quarterly bill. Basically, when reviewing both businesses, it seems that their models fit the same pattern, which is to build relevant infrastructures required to deliver water to customers. Grameen Veolia accomplishes tha t by delivering at the factory gate to individuals, whilst Thames Water accomplishes it by pumping into millions of London homes. The main question here is to determine if both models are different or the same lies in the definition of a business model itself. Chesbrough and Rosenbloom (2000) stated that the term business models, whilst frequently used to illustrate different strategies and functions within an organisation is not always explicitly defined. Authors offer a definition by KMLab, a consulting firm, which defines business models as â€Å"a description of how [a] company intends to create value in the market place. Business models include the unique combination of products, services, images and distributions that a particular company carries forward. It also includes the underlying organisation of people and the operational infrastructure that they use to accomplish their work†. (2). Also, Magretta (2002) describes a business model as the method of doing business in which an organisation sustains itself and generates revenues by specifying its position in the value chain. From all these definitions states that a business model describes how an organisation utilises its resources in order to generate revenues. Several busi ness models exist, and they are usually distinct based on the industry within which they operate. Linder and Cantrell (2000) for example, in their Accenture publication state that business models differ based on their unifying concept, and include price models, convenience models, experience models, channel models, and trust models, all of which define how a company does business and generates revenue. Even though they do not specify exactly what a traditional or social business model entails, the term business model is unique amongst both terms and therefore it is safe to assume that every other business model, apart from the â€Å"social business model† – is a traditional business model. Furthermore, in trying to ease the commonly held confusion about what actually constitutes a business model, Linder and Cantrell (2000) outlined the components of a business model, which in essence entail the various factors that constitute any business model. These components seek to further explain the fact that a business model is limited to the process in which a business creates value for its shareholders and generates revenues. Referring back to the water businesses that have been outlined earlier, it is clear that both entities create value by making water accessible. Thames Water manages the problem by creating the relevant infrastructure, and pumping millions of water into households daily, while Grameen Veolia has accomplished that by selling it directly to individuals. This could only be achieved due to the level of infrastructure available that makes it possible for the company to achieve this feat. It is probably only in developed countries that a central system is in pl ace that makes it possible for water to be pumped into millions of households which might not be the case in developing countries. You read "Difference between Social and Traditional Business Models" in category "Essay examples" They may not have the relevant infrastructure, especially in remote towns in Bangladesh where Grameen Veolia has chosen to operate. However, this presents a viable business opportunity. If a company were established in these locations that offered a low cost approach to getting clean fresh water, then it would succeed. This follows on from a similar strategy adopted by Wal-Mart in the 1950’s when it chose to focus on remote towns where there was little infrastructure which has created difficult barriers to entry for competitors. Even though Sam Walton’s (Wal-Mart’s founder) goal was not inherently social, by targeting these markets and offering them value – everyday low prices on big brands, they managed to achieve astronomical su ccess. According to Therefore, socially, Grameen Veolia may be accomplishing a social objective, and in the process, providing a poor society with affordable water, but they are investing private money into this feat, and consequently making profit out of this investment, which inherently, according to the definition of a business model, is a traditional business. The only difference between this model and that of Thames Water in the UK is the availability of infrastructure, which has made theirs more appropriate for their environment. Since this essay has now established that the basic business model of both the traditional business and the social business are the same, the next step is to identify their major differences and ascertain whether that constitutes to the deviation from the traditional business model. According to Yunus and Weber (2010), the key characteristics of a social business are for the business objective to overcome poverty; attain financial and economic sustainability, return back the initial investment capital of investors; retain profit in the business for expansion and improvement; environmental consciousness; and market wage alongside better than standard working conditions for the workforce. However, based on Linder and Cantrell’s (2000) discussion on the constituents of a business model, alongside other definitions used in this study, it seems that these characteristics do not constitute the definition of a business model, but more like the CSR policy of an organisation. According to Kotler and Lee (2005), â€Å"corporate social responsibility is a commitment to improve community well-being through discretionary business practices and contribution of corporate resources†. By the use of the term discretionary, Kotler and Lee disregard companies that are obligated to act socially because of the law, or because it is ethical or moral and therefore expected. It defines businesses that choose to do good for their community based on internal policies. Therefore, based on this definition, it seems that social business models, as defined by Yunus and Weber (2010), may inherent identify (3) traditional business models that have a CSR policy centred on targeting the community. Furthermore, their investor reimbursement model, which specifies a non-dividend, non-loss policy, in which the investor gets back only what they invested is essentially only a policy and in no way affects their business model of delivering value to customers and increasing revenue. Even though this model may deter investors that seek a return on their invested capital, it could also attract investors such as Google for example, who have a CSR initiative, and may view it as a method of diversifying their portfolio with a social investment. Therefore, based on these arguments, it seems that the major factors that distinguish a social business model, from that of a traditional business, are the CSR initiatives and the investor models, which are seemingly only company policies that have minimal effect on how companies create value and increase revenue. The minimal effect that these policies have on creating value, could however define how they distinguish themselves from competitors – if any, and appeal to customers, employees and investors (Petit and Yunus, 2010). For instance, if there were two companies operating within the same market, offering the same goods and adopting the same model – one of which was a social business and the other a more traditional business, the social business may gain more traction and popularity from more ethically conscious and socially responsible customers. This argument is based on CSR theories of Kotler and Lee (2005), which depict that an organisation’s CSR policies could assist it its competitive advantage, especially in the sort of customers and employees it could attract. This essay has reviewed the business models of two water companies, with the aim of identifying their underlying business structure, and determining whether and to what extent, the social business model of a Bangladeshi water company differs from the traditional business model of a UK water company. Our analyses show that business models of both companies are ideally traditional business models, but they have been adapted to fit the particular environment within which they operate. However, the core aspects of a business model, which are the value creation for customers and increasing profits, apply to both organisations. Therefore, based on the arguments set out in this paper and the discussion of both business models, it appears that the social business models are only a mere re-invention of the traditional business models, in that they seek to create customer value and generate profit. However, their core difference lies in their CSR and investor models, which is centred majorly o n improving a social factor. This model is ideal from a social perspective as it actively combines a traditional model, with a non-for- profit agenda. It can be therefore concluded that social business model would give any aspiring business an advantage over its competitors especially in generic industries, as some customers, employees and investors may be attracted to its social goals and objectives. Reference List Baker, M. J. (2011) Why ‘Social Business’Social Business, Vol. 1 (1), pp. 1 – 15. Chesbrough, H. and Rosenbloom, R. S. (2000). The role of the business model in capturing value from innovation: Evidence from Xerox Corporations’ technology spinoff companies, Harvard Business Review Working Paper. Donaldson, C., Baker, R., and Cheater, F. (2011) Social business, health and well-being, Social Business, Vol. 1(1), pp. 17 – 35 Kotler, P., and Lee, N. (2005). Corporate social responsibility: doing the most good for your company and your cause, John Wiley and Sons, 307 pages Linder, J. and Cantrell, S. (2000) Changing Business Models: Surveying the Landscape. Accenture Institute for Change. May 24, 2000. Magretta, J. (2002). Why business models matter. Harvard Business Review. Petit, P. U., and Yunus, M. (2010) Creating a New Citilization through Social Entrepreneurship, Transaction Publishers, pp. 170. Thames Water (2010) Our business, http://www.thameswater.co.uk/cps/rde/xchg/corp/hs.xsl/825.htm [Accessed: 27/04/10] Yunus Centre (2009) Grameen Veolia Water Ltd – Background, http://www.muhammadyunus.org/Social-Business/grameen-veolia-water-ltd/, [Accessed: 27/04/10 Yunus, M., and Weber, K. (2010) Building Social Business: The New Kind of Capitalism That Serves Humanity’s Most Pressing Needs, Public Affairs, 226 pages How to cite Difference between Social and Traditional Business Models, Essay examples

Asteroid Defense Essay Example For Students

Asteroid Defense Essay When it comes down to developing a way to defend the entire planet fromdestruction I am all for it. A large asteroid or comet hitting the earth is nota common occurrence. But it has happened many times before and when it doeshappen again the asteroid may wipe out all life, including humans. If ourgovernment did develop an anti-asteroid defense system, it would not only haveto protect our country, but the whole planet. If we had such technology we would first have to be very sure it wouldwork. We wouldnt want to shoot a nuclear weapon at an asteroid just to have itbreak into multiple pieces and have those pieces raining down on Earth. One ofthe most important parts of defending our planet would be to find and chartevery asteroid that could threaten us. That would be a very tedious and neverending job, but is necessary for the defense system to work. It would do ushumans no good to have some sort of defense against asteroids if we dont knowwhen they will strike. So after thinking about an anti-asteroid defense system, I think thatour government should look into constructing one. When one thinks about what anasteroid could do to our planet it is usually a very scary thought. In the pastwe have been very lucky with where asteroids have hit our earth. Back in 1908in the Tunguska region of Siberia, an object from space hit there causing milesof forest to be devastated. If that same object had hit New York, it would haveprobably been like a 20 megaton bomb going off in Times Square. That would havecompletely altered history. What makes it worse is that it is thought that asmall comet hit in Tunguska. What if a huge comet had hit there? Theseexamples are very good reasons why I think that humankind needs to come up witha way to stop asteroids or any other type of object that could kill off all lifeon earth. Category: Science

Wolf Story Essays - Caribou, Tuska, Reindeer, Gray Wolf,

Wolf Story Tuska was a caring, loving, but aggressive, wolf. She had settled for the winter in Northern Alaska near a heard of caribou. In her den lay five pups of her own that she loved very much. The alpha male, Nuka, and she were about to go on a hunt. Larsk would watch the pups while the parents were out. The crisp, clean snow crunched under the pair's feet as they trotted through the dusk-white tundra. Tuska and Nuka's eyes darted in all directions, scanning the land for any brisk movement, any sound wavering in the air. In the distance, Nuka spotted some caribou approaching from the horizon. You go from the left and I will go from the right! he shouted, and they galloped to their positions. She saw an old and feeble looking caribou, which was being guarded closely by two others. Apparently, the aged one was important to the clan. The Caribou were getting closer and closer, and the pair was closing in on them. All of a sudden, Tuska shouted Now! and they both jumped in at the heard. There was a tangle of hooves, claws, teeth, and antlers as both animals struggled to live. Tuska was hit in the face, but Nuka was injured worse. He had been trampled by both of the strong caribou and was crippled badly. Blood was everywhere. The old caribou was dead, but the other two weren't. Tuska bolted at them fiercely and nipped at their heels until they ran away. Tuska ran straight over to Nuka's side. His neck had been trampled and there was a big gouge in it that was bleeding strongly. As Tuska wept tears of ice, he whispered I love you. Tell the pups the same. As his voice drowned off Tuska let out a howl, a howl so big that it was remembered in the stars forever. And to this day, when any valued wolf passes away, you can here Tuska's howl in the distance, still morning for the loss of Nuka and for the loss of all loved wolves. Engineering Reports

ICT and How it Influences Consumer Behaviour in Tourism

ICT and How it Influences Consumer Behaviour in Tourism Introduction There are a number of definitions that exist to describe what the word tourism refers to. In simple terms, tourism can be described as the act of leaving one’s usual place of residence to visit a non-resident location. People will engage in tourism for a variety of reasons and these are in most cases unique to every individual traveler. Motivations for touring places include; education, seeking health services, to undertake work related tasks or for the purpose of relaxation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on ICT and How it Influences Consumer Behaviour in Tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In their work, Swarbrooke Horner (2007) define tourism as that short term movement of people to places some distances away from their usual residences with the inte3ntion of indulging in pleasurable activities. At times, one may travel to attend to official business matters. Closely connected to tourism is the hospitality industry which involves taking care of people by providing them with relevant services to ensure their comfort. The world over, tourism is now considered a major source of income and for many countries, incomes received from the tourism and hospitality industries form a major part of the domestic spending. With this realization, countries are now doing their best to promote the growth of the tourism industry. Though the developed nations are greatly profiting from tourism activities, there is still so much to be done in the developing nations to get there. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) innovations have considerably revolutionized the way people interact and perhaps, one of the greatest effects of technological advancements has been the change in the way business operations are handled in different sectors of the economy; tourism being one of them. In the recent past, the Internet has experienced substantial growth and the fact that is available glob ally has contributed to the increase in the number of service providers who have now turned to the use of the Internet as a key marketing tool for their products and services (Vich-I-Martorell, 2002). The many hurdles that originally created a barrier between consumers and providers are now a thing of the past. Suppliers are now presented with alternative ways of marketing and distributing tourist services and products. Though this has come with plenty of benefits for the suppliers it has tremendously affected the operations of others, denying them their means of livelihoods. A majority of consumers and providers are now able to communicate directly with each other without having to depend on intermediaries. Great technological discoveries are seen to provide a working solution for the challenges of growing the tourism industry. Providers are able to cut down on operating expenses allowing them to render their services much cheaply especially by bypassing middlemen. It is also possi ble for providers to reach a wider audience with very minimal costs.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sadly though, many developing nations are still lagging behind and have not fully embraced the use of ICT though they are well placed just like the developed nations to improve their economies through this vibrant industry. According to Mills Law (2004), the rapid expansion in the travel industry has led to a quest for superior quality information services that are necessary to help meet the demands of a growing number of tourists while at the same time, guaranteeing clients quality tourism services. There is no doubt that a lot of good has been achieved through the use ICT. This paper mainly discusses the impact of technology on the tourism with some mention of other industries. Also addressed is consumer behaviour when it comes to making decisions on choosing tou rist products. The paper also talks about the negative impacts that ICT has had in the tourist industry. Tourist Consumer Behaviour Processes The consumer behaviour process can be described as the procedure taken by a consumer when making a choice of what tourist product or service to purchase or use. A study by Swarbrooke Horner (2007) point out that the purchase decisions can be made either by individuals or in groups. Consumer behaviour has a big effect on an organization’s marketing of its products and is definitely an important consideration for any organization seeking to benefit from marketing. If thoroughly understood, knowledge of consumer behaviour can help an organization to profit considerably from its marketing activities. In the work of Pizam Mansfeld (1999), research on how tourists consume tourist products is central to the success of the tourist industry. The noticeable changes in the tourism industry coupled with strong competition in the market place and the desire to remain competitive, service providers are becoming more and more attentive and want to understand what influences the traveler’s purchase of tourism products. To capture the customers’ attention, it is critical that tourist products are designed such that they are able to address the many expectations and wishes of the potential tourists. Before making a tourist destination choice, the mode of travel and where to stay, consumers have been found to undergo various decision making processes that eventually influence the choice of tourist products and services.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on ICT and How it Influences Consumer Behaviour in Tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The choice for a travel destination is influenced by among other things, environmental, cultural and socioeconomic factors and these present the consumer with such a complex issue that requires enough time to ponder about. According to Swarbrooke Horner (2007), efficiency in tourism marketing can only be realized when one to understands the way consumers make decisions regarding the purchase and use of products and services. They further argue that when a service provider is equipped with proper information on the behaviour of consumers, it is possible to understand how best to sell the tourist products and obtain the expected output. Besides learning the art of persuading clients to purchase a product, one also gets to know who to target, at what time and with what type of product. Pizam Mansfeld (1999), observed that a number of authors consider motivation to be one major determinant of the tourist behaviour. According to Swarbrooke Horner (2007), consumers’ decision making processes are greatly influenced by internal and external motivators determinants when making product and service choices. The effects, however, vary depending on the type of product or service a potential touri st wishes to purchase. A considerable amount of time, for example, is required to make a decision regarding the purchase of a holiday than when deciding on what type of outfit to wear to work on any given day. Effect of Motivation in Tourism Behaviour Pizam Mansfeld (1999) observed that a great number of authors are of the opinion that one thing that is central to the behaviour exhibited by tourists when choosing products and services, is motivation. A number of theories exist to try and explain how tourist behaviour or actions are influenced by the motivation. Popular theories include; Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Murray’s Classification Scheme, Dann’s Tourism Motivator, and Crompton’s Nine Motives. Central to all these theories though, is the concept of consumer need which is seen as the main driving force behind the stimulation of motivation in individuals.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the needs hierarchy theory, Maslow made an attempt to explain how motivation affects the behaviour of a tourist (Pizam Mansfeld, 1999). Maslow’s theory lists the needs hierarchical depending on the level of importance. Originally, Maslow designed the theory for his clinical psychology work but over the years, its importance has grown and it is now commonly referenced in many other industries, tourism being one of them. Its simplicity in comparison with other existing theories is considered go be the main reason why its usage has increased among tourism researchers. According to this theory, if the needs specified are not met then the lowest ranked needs will take centre stage in determining the tourist’s behaviour. On the other hand, incase satisfaction was realized at any particular level, then the individual will have to move on to the check whether the other needs were met and so on. This process continues with the consumer moving up the hierarchy as the needs o f each level get satisfied until they are all satisfied. Some of Maslow’s propositions have been rejected while others have received doubtful support. Critics have argued that Maslow’s theory does not provide a complete list of consumer needs that could influence human behaviour. Murray’s theory on the other hand, lists a total of fourteen physiological and thirteen psychology needs and from these, one can identify factors that could influence a potential tourist’s preference for a holiday. Supporters of this theory believe that it is a better model compared to Maslow’s since it gives a detailed list of the human needs that are likely to determine a consumer’s travel behaviour. Because of its complexity, however, this theory is not that popular with tourism researchers who prefer to use Maslow’s theory. Dann’s tourism motivator’s are very closely linked to Maslow’s list of needs. The theory singles out two factors that influence a traveler’s decision to purchase tourism products and services. Push factors are those that make one want to travel while pull factors are those that affect where one travels. The theory proposes seven categorizations of travel motivation. Crampton’s theory is in agreement with Dann’s regarding the push and pull motives. Nine motives are identified in this theory with seven of them being classified as push motives and two as cultural or pull motives. The study further shows that people may sometimes be reluctant to make known their real reasons for travel if these reasons are personal or intimate. The Influence of ICT on Tourist Behaviour The above discussion on consumer behaviour theories provides a very good base for appreciating the part played by motivation in determining the consumer’s actions. As mentioned elsewhere in this paper, the growth in ICT has had a great impact on the way tourism is carried out. Looking at the physiologica l, safety, love, esteem and self-actualization needs highlighted in Maslow’s theory, one can immediately see the relationship that exists between the use of ICT and the tourist’s behaviour. In the work of Vich-I-Martorell (2002), technological advancements have driven consumers to shift to the use of the Internet and other technology related services to access the required travel information. On their own and at a convenient time, tourists can visit different Web sites that interest whether commercial or non commercial to research, plan and if necessary, purchase tourist products and services. This radical change in consumer behaviour has left providers with no option but to turn to the use of technology in their work so as to answer to the increasing tourist demands and to remain relevant in the travel and hospitality business. Any other remedy short of this will only lead to loss of a provider’s market share. Being such a powerful tool for sourcing timely and accurate information that is appropriate to the needs of the consumers, ICT is now a must use for everyone. From the comfort of wherever they are, and at the click of a button, consumers can easily access a great deal of reliable information about just any tourist topic of interest. Going back to Maslow’s theory, a potential tourist who is already satisfied that all other needs have been met but still has a concern about the security of the destination has no reason to worry as this information is readily available as long as they have access to an Internet connection. With increased terrorism attacks and civil wars all over, security is certainly a threat to many potential tourists. Using ICT, governments are doing all they can to assure the travelers that all is well. The use of radars to monitor airport operations, and surveillance systems in hotels and other major places are just but some of the technological solutions being used to create a secure environment. Incase of any doubts, however, and one is not satisfied with the information obtained through the Web; there is the option of directly get in touch with service providers at the intended destinations to and request further information as needed. Among other services, the use of email systems, and mobile technology is critical here. Another example is where one wants to travel to receive treatment away from home. It would be a disaster for anyone to just show up in a foreign place without prior information of what to expect or even what to do. The traveler can tap into the huge pool of information available on the Internet to get their facts right before embarking on the journey. Impact of ICT on the Tourism Industry Even though the role played by ICT in allowing organizations to be competitive and stay above the rest was identified many years back, it is only in the recent past that the potential provide by ICT received acknowledge in the tourism and hospitality industries (Nadkarni, 2003) . Sigala (2002) also observed that very little is known regarding the impact of using ICT on employment trends despite the fact that ICT use has widely been adopted in the tourism and hospitality industries. The use of ICT has presented the tourism industry with amazing capabilities that have to a very great extent transformed business operations in so many ways. Some of these capabilities include; speedy data processing, compact storage, and accuracy. Online storage of information has made it easy for anyone needing information, to access it from wherever they are. The existence of communication links or networks is distinct advantage of ICT development. The presence of services such as video conferencing has minimized the need to have face to face meetings with consumers or suppliers as the case may be. In a nutshell, technology has really changed the way people live, travel and do work. With the introduction of technology, consumers are now better placed to demand quality services from service providers and to ensure that they receive vale for money paid. For success to be realized in the tourism industry therefore, it is essential that the service providers are well prepared to meet the consumer demands. For this reason, providers have no option but to take advantage of the numerous opportunities made available by ICT to enable them meet the consumer requirements and further their business operations. Embracing the use of ICT will certainly make it possible for any company or organization in the tourism sector, to stand out by offering competitive products and services to its customers. The use of the Internet for the purposes of planning, making reservations, booking, and payment of travel products accounts for the highest number of sales in the tourist industry when compared with any other online industries (Govers Go, 2003). Apart from the many advantages that have resulted from the use of ICT in the tourism and hospitality industries, there are associa ted negative impacts that one has to be aware of. The application of ICT in business operations has contributed to loss of employment depending on where and how the technology is being used (Sigala, 2002). One negative impact that is apparently obvious to everyone is the huge reduction in employment caused by automating routine tasks. In their work, Govers Go (2003) argued that there has been substantial increase in the amount of information available on the subject of tourism due to radical technological changes as well as globalization. Though this might look like a positive development, it poses a major challenge to both consumers and service providers. There is therefore, a need for one to be really careful when sourcing information lest they end up dealing with rogue providers. The use of technology and the existence of a direct communication channel between the consumers and suppliers have led to reduced business for middlemen and tour operators who have ended up being sideli ned in a number of occasions. This is an act that has not been received well by tour operators contributing to the existence of numerous conflicts between tour operators and service providers (Vich-i-Martorell, 2002). To survive, tour operators have had to invent tricks of dealing with the service providers such as hotel owners and airline operators. Time and again, they will exert pressure on the service providers to reduce prices. A major effect of the low pricing has been the depletion of local resources in most tourist destinations, with very few initiatives being undertaken to sustain the invaluable environmental and cultural wealth that makes tourism attractions. The following discussion on the Balearic Islands should help to shed some light on this. Balearic Islands, is a tourist destination in the Mediterranean area, controlled by non-local tour operators. These operators will usually contract hotel rooms a year in advance and then go on to market them together with a travel ticket in the tourist’s home country. As a consequence, suppliers have been forced to heavily depend on the deals made with the tour operators. This situation, together with threats to deviate tourists to other destinations within the Mediterranean area, is used by tour operators as a means to force hotels to bring down their prices. The absence of a local tour operator to market this destination abroad, combined with the fact that most hotel companies in the Balearics have neither the resources to market themselves abroad nor the means to sell their product together with a plane ticket, make the foreign tour operators the only feasible way to commercialize and sell the Balearics as a complete tourist package. Using the Internet, however, this trend can be reversed and the extortion is bound to completely disappear eventually. By using ICT, information can be made readily available to whoever is in needs it leading to the empowerment of the suppliers. Having the correct info rmation will certainly be a source of strength and this can put service providers at a competitive position in the market place. This can later become a source of strength when negotiating business deals with other players in the field. The Internet can be also be used by service providers in Balearic Islands to get an easier way to sell out their products and services to the final consumer at very reasonable prices without necessarily having to open up offices, shops, or points of sale in each country and city where the potential tourists live. This is seen an alternative channel that will let companies market and distribute products, and eventually it could lead to a situation where the bargaining power of foreign tour operators could be reduced tremendously to the advantage of local service providers. A research done in the Balearic Islands on the use of the Internet among suppliers in the tourist sector demonstrated that on average, the Internet is highly regarded as a tool that could improve the way tourist business is done. Another negative effect of the adoption of ICT in the tourism industry is the promotion of illegal activities in the society. Criminals can get exposed to that could promote negative activities in the society. Such information will include the selling drugs, terrorist activities and sex tourism among others. With this information now widely available everywhere, thanks to Internet availability, it is possible for one to quickly get to know target locations where the activities can be undertaken in disguise. A case in point is Mombasa, a coastal city in Kenya, where sex tourism and drug abuse is the order of the day and is a real threat to the existence of the healthy growth of young generation. Efforts by the Kenya government to curb these illegal activities perpetrated by domestic as well as international tourists are yet to bear fruit. According to Litvin Crotts (2003), technology and particularly the use of Internet, has had a hug e impact on the traditional approach to the sell of hospitality and tourism services globally. Despite the existence of the above challenges that associated with the use of ICT, further integration of ICT in tourism and other industries is a reality and consumers and service providers alike, are willing to live with the negative consequences. For many players, technology offers a great foundation for growth in the tourist and hospitality sectors and it is almost practically impossible to imagine the present world without technology. Conclusion The use of ICT is considered a key enabler in the transformation of business processes and transactions. Rapid developments that have characterized the technological field have resulted in radical transformations that have taken place in various industries with the greatest changes occurring in the tourism and hospitality industries. Beyond any reasonable doubt, the use of technology is here to stay and it is up to the service providers to get acquainted with the use of ICT to manage their work. Emerging market trends are now forcing suppliers to adopt the use of ICT so as to excel. The high number of players present in the tourism sector has created a very competitive environment whereby only those determined to succeed can do so. Therefore, ICT usage cannot be over looked if service providers are to survive. One of the greatest rewards of implementing the use of ICT in the tourist sector is the power to handle competition calmly without any fears. It boosts the confidence of service providers when it comes to dealing the existing market struggles. In view of all these, many have argued that the negative effects related to the introduction and subsequent uses of technology are necessary evils that only carry a negligible impact that can be managed. These effects are seen as nothing when compared to the huge proceeds derived from ensuring that technology is at the centre of core business operations. As no one is about to let go of the use of technology, system developers have a challenge to create robust systems with little or no damage to consumers and that cannot be easily compromised. Though a very tricky task, another solution could be creating systems that can help to mitigate the negative impact that the use of technology is having or is bound to have on the society. Reference List Govers, R. Go, F. M., 2003. Deconstructing Destination Image in the Information Age. Information Technology Tourism, Vol. 6 pp. 13–29. Available from: http://tourism.wu-wien.ac.at/Jitt/JITT_6_1_Govers_Go.pdf . Litvin, S. W. Crotts, J. C., 2003. A Framework for Online Sales Negotiations of Hospitality and Tourism Services. Information Technology Tourism, Vol. 6 pp. 91–97. Available from: from http://tourism.wu-wien.ac.at/Jitt/JITT_6_2_Litvin_Crotts.pdf . Mills, J.E. Law R., 2004. Handbook of Consumer Behavior, Tourism, and the Internet. New York: The Haworth Hospitality Press. Available from: h ttps://books.google.com/books?id=yoMYTtp82YkCpg=PA115lpg=PA115dq=Doolin,+B.,+Burgess,+P.+Cooper,+J.+Evaluating+the+use+of+web+for+tourism+marketing+:+a+case+study+from+New+Zealandsource=blots=aFevucaPussig=osKVeqW5SFDRYLfxDPR6YOS88U0hl=enei=svQZTdfFJI3PrQfP-eC4Cwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CEgQ6AEwBw#v=onepageq=Doolin%2C%20B.%2C%20Burgess%2C%20P.%20Cooper%2C%20J.%20Evaluating%20the%20use%20of%20web%20for%20tourism%20marketing%20%3A%20a%20case%20study%20from%20New%20Zealandf=false . Nadkarni, S., 2003. Information Technology Competencies in Tourism Management Education. Information Technology Tourism, Vol. 6 pp. 47–54. Available from: http://tourism.wu-wien.ac.at/Jitt/JITT_6_1_Nadkarni.pdf . Pizam, A. Mansfeld, Y., 1999. Consumer behavior in travel and tourism. New York: The Haworth Hospitality Press. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4iAl2CpQpQCpg=PA18lpg=PA18dq=Tourist+Consumer+Behaviour+Processessource=blots=lbT-afB06bsig=CpAFTxeAMLCwpaB6WUf DtkYk-dwhl=enei=UlgaTfXqI8a08QPy1I3EBwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=7ved=0CEMQ6AEwBg#v=onepageqf=false . Sigala, M., 2002. The Impact of Multimedia on Employment: Evidence from Small and Medium Tourism and Hospitality Enterprises in the UK. Information Technology Tourism, Vol. 4 pp. 175–189. Available from: http://tourism.wu-wien.ac.at/Jitt/JITT_4_34_Sigala.pdf . Swarbrooke, J. Horner, S., 2007. Consumer Behaviour in Tourism. Amsterdam: Elsevier Ltd. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=O_FwjoSEGPgCpg=PA6lpg=PA6dq=Tourist+Consumer+Behaviour+Processessource=blots=nbrUMgPTsKsig=pwnVXk9HOw1O_cLIqKGKRIeS43Uhl=enei=UlgaTfXqI8a08QPy1I3EBwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CBoQ6AEwAA#v=onepageq=Tourist%20Consumer%20Behaviour%20Processesf=false . Vich-i-Martorell, G. A., 2002. The Internet as a Marketing Tool for Tourism in the Balearic Islands. Information Technology Tourism, Vol. 5 pp. 91–104. Available from: http://tourism.wu-wien.ac.at/Jitt/JITT _5_2_Vich-i-Martorell.pdf .

Cell Biology ADHESION WRITE UP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cell Biology ADHESION WRITE UP - Essay Example Cadherins are found as trans-membrane proteins (Rastogi, 2007). There are four main types of classical cadherins, with the epithelial cadherin playing an important role in the growth of tumours (Asano et al, 2004). Cells possessing cadherins generally adhere to other cells possessing cadherins. By exploring these cell adhesion mechanisms with an assay, it is possible to understand more fully the role of the intracellular matrix and the reactions which occur within it. The assay described below relies on the interesting effects that trypsin has on these cadherin molecules. In the presence of calcium and trypsin, the cadherins are protected from cleavage, but in the presence of a trypsin and EDTA mixture, the cadherins are removed from the cell surface and thus the cells stop aggregation. Results Trypsin is commonly used to detach the adhering cells (Humphries, 2001). Prior to the addition of trypsin, the cells were adhering to each other forming a suspended clump of cells within the w ells. However, after the trypsin was added, there was less evidence of adhesion and the cells were in the matrix singularly. After fixing, only the adhering cells were found in the well. This again gave a ‘clumped’ look to the cells. After viewing this, the wells were stained with methylene blue, and this the wells had a typical blue appearance in the top two rows, suggesting normal adhering cells were present. ... Raw Data 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 A 0.935 0.685 0.798 0.857 2.35 2.323 2.253 2.523 2.427 2.809 2.58 2.416 B 0.445 0.488 0.632 0.401 2.165 2.13 2.308 1.708 0.774 0.851 1.072 0.814 C 0.028 0.023 0.037 0.028 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.026 0.025 0.026 0.027 D 0.029 0.031 0.027 0.029 0.028 0.023 0.029 0.026 0.027 0.026 0.035 0.03 E 0.027 0.033 0.028 0.03 0.022 0.013 0.029 0.028 0.032 0.022 0.032 0.03 F 0.028 0.024 0.026 0.028 0.027 0.028 0.022 0.028 0.017 0.014 0.021 0.027 G 0.028 0.032 0.024 0.026 0.037 0.021 0.029 0.017 0.018 0.016 0.024 0.034 H 0.032 0.019 0.025 0.023 0.025 0.014 0.028 0.014 0.018 0.013 0.022 0.025 Graph 1 A1-4 A5-8 A9-12 B1-4 B5-8 B9-12 Mean 0.819 2.362 2.558 0.492 2.078 0.878 Standard Dev. 0.105 0.115 0.183 0.100 0.258 0.133 Graph 2 A1-4 A5-8 A9-12 B1-4 B5-8 B9-12 Mean 0.201 0.370 0.346 0.158 0.325 0.407 Standard Dev. 0.009 0.023 0.067 0.020 0.031 0.021 Discussion ECM Component Preference As was previously discussed, cadhesins are of various different types and thus may have different preferences for the extra-cellular matrix in which they react. In the data above, the cells A1-4 represent matrix 1, A5-8 represent matrix 2, and A9-12 represent matrix 3. The cells B1-4 represent the BSA and B5-8 and B9-12 represent tube 1 and 2 respectively. In this case, the data obtained experimentally shows that there is a definite component preference for matrices 2 and 3, with the first one having a very low absorbance value and thus a very low amount of adhering cells. The sample data also show a similar trend, although the amount of adhering cells in matrix 1 are not so low as in the experimental data. There is another small difference in

Impact of Brand Image on Consumer on Clothing Industry Dissertation

Impact of Brand Image on Consumer on Clothing Industry - Dissertation Example lysis 25 3.1 Theoretical Framework 25 3.2 Justification of Research Method 28 3.3 Sampling 31 3.4 Data Analysis 32 Chapter 4: Research Findings and Discussion 34 4.1 Background of the Respondents 35 4.2 Impact of Brand Image on Buying Behaviour 37 4.3 Possible outcomes and Results 42 Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations 43 References 46 Bibliography 50 Appendix 51 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1Problem Formulation Clothing happens to be one of the necessities along with food and shelter. However, over the years clothing has been a bit more than just a mere necessity to cover body parts. Clothing has become an integral part of the style statement and hence a lot of companies have entered the clothing business making it quite competitive. The clothing business on global basis includes major players as well as small local players. As a result of the rise in competition marketing and research has become extremely important to gain competitive advantage. The market research and analysis in clothing industry is mostly concerned with the study of consumer behaviour patterns in order to indentify personal needs and also to analyze the perception of the consumers towards various stimuli related to the marketing mix in the form of product, price, place and promotion. One of the most popular topics of market research has been the effect or impact of brand image on consumer behaviour. Researchers round the world have tried to analyze factors that mostly influences a buyer of behave in a certain fashion. Researchers have tried to understand whether the customers are willing to pay premium price for branded products; the association of branding and consumer perception towards quality. Being the developed economy that they are countries like U.K., U.S. has seen the presence of the... Clothing happens to be one of the necessities along with food and shelter. However, over the years clothing has been a bit more than just a mere necessity to cover body parts. Clothing has become an integral part of the style statement and hence a lot of companies have entered the clothing business making it quite competitive. The clothing business on global basis includes major players as well as small local players. As a result of the rise in competition marketing and research has become extremely important to gain competitive advantage. The market research and analysis in clothing industry is mostly concerned with the study of consumer behaviour patterns in order to indentify personal needs and also to analyze the perception of the consumers towards various stimuli related to the marketing mix in the form of product, price, place and promotion. One of the most popular topics of market research has been the effect or impact of brand image on consumer behaviour. Researchers round the world have tried to analyze factors that mostly influences a buyer of behave in a certain fashion. Researchers have tried to understand whether the customers are willing to pay premium price for branded products; the association of branding and consumer perception towards quality. Being the developed economy that they are countries like U.K., U.S. has seen the presence of the plethora of major brands like fast fashion retailers like Zara, H&M, top-shop; major sports cum fashion apparel brands like Addias, Puma, Nike, Fila, Fcuk, etc.

Process laboratories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Process laboratories - Essay Example This implies that more and more liquids rich in highly volatile components are being re-used back in the column. Separation then becomes easier and thus fewer trays are required to achieve the same operation degree. Minimum tray is needed under total reflux conditions that are distillate and are not withdrawn. On the contrary, as the reflux is reduced, the line of operation of the rectification section goes towards the equilibrium line (Owens, 2009, pp24-33). The ‘pinch’ between the operating and the equilibrium lines are highly pronounced and many trays are required. Distillation is the most widely used method of separation in the chemical process industries. Distillation uses about 24% of the total energy. Refineries rely heavily on distillation for separation of complex mixture of compounds found in crude oil into the products for sale. Distillation uses about 40% of all the energy consumed in refineries (Owens, 2009, pp24-33). First, distillation method is viewed from a steady state to make sure the process remains within safe working

Experiences of Breast Cancer Patients with Radiotherapy

Experiences of Breast Cancer Patients with Radiotherapy Introduction and background Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and leading cause of cancer related deaths of this gender (World Health Organization, 2014). Previously it was most common in developed countries but now it became commonest cancer both in developed and developing regions (Ferlay et al., 2010). Moreover, in USA, breast cancer has the highest incidence rate among all types of cancers involving one in every ten women (Njeh, Saunders, Langton, 2012). However, in Pakistan the incidence is more alarming as 1 in every 9 women is at the risk of developing breast cancer (Siddiqui, n.d.).This data indicates that Pakistan has highest incidence rates of breast cancer in Asian countries (Aziz, Sana, Akram, Saeed, 2004; Bhurgri, et al., 2000; Naeem, 2008). Furthermore, Hussain, Ahmad, Muhammad, Kakakhail and Matiullah (2008) identified the incidence of breast cancer 96.49 % among women registered in Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Peshawar, which are more frightening figures. There are certain treatment modalities for breast cancer among them radiation therapy (RT) is an important treatment choice, performed before and after the surgery which also have various side effects. During the course of treatment, about two-thirds of patients undergo radiation therapy, before and after surgery (Guo et al., 2013). In addition, more than 90% of the all breast cancer patients receive adjuvant radiotherapy to prevent the recurrence of the disease (Potthoff et al., 2013). Despite its wide use and significant role in cancer treatment, few studies addressed the experiences of its recipients. According to Welle (1998) radiotherapy patients are perceived as self-caring and their needs are not taken care of. The international literature indicates that breast cancer patient receiving RT not only suffers from disease process but also from the side effect of this treatment. The nature of disease, its prognosis and treatment related problems have devastating effects on physical , psychological and socio-economic wellbeing of the patient (Farooqi Chaudhry, 2012; Kirchheiner et al, 2013). However, these studies have been conducted in western context on different population which has stark difference in our culture. In addition, within the Pakistani context, Khyber Pakhtunkhawa is considered more conservative province. Therefore, it is important to explore experiences and problems of the local population to remedy their problems. Furthermore, data from Pakistan revealed that breast cancer was found mostly in younger age group ranging from 30-50 years as compare to west where it tend to occur in women above 60 years of age (Aziz, Sana, Akram, Saeed, 2004; Mamoon, Sharif, Mushtaq, Khadim, Jamal, 2009; Naeem, et al., 2008; Tfayli, Temraz, Abou Mrad, Shamseddine, 2010). Importantly, this age group is more productive and may have different responsibilities pertinent to their age group towards their family and society which may vary from western population in t erm of their concerns, needs and issues. However, in Pakistan, research in this area is not conducted to explore the experiences of breast cancer patient receiving radiotherapy therefore; research is a required to address the issues of this population. In addition, this is the first study of its nature in Pakistani context especially in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in the field of nursing which will increase the awareness regarding radiotherapy related problems of patients among nurses and other health care providers. Significance This study is significant to generate information for nurses to care for patient undergoing RT in Pakistani context. It will help nurses to understand the feelings and experiences of the patients undergoing RT to design nursing care plan by addressing their needs. Moreover, findings of this study can help to identify recommendation for health care staff working in the radiotherapy units to facilitate their patients undergoing radiotherapy in a better way. It will also help health care professionals maintain a sense of the importance of the experience of the RT patient who are coming to them for treatment and want their care pertinent to their needs. Purpose The aim of this study is to explore the experiences of the female breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Study Questions What are the experiences of the of breast cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan? Data sources The review of literature was conducted through data bases CINAHL PubMed, Mosbys Nursing Consult, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Search for published research articles relevant to this paper was done. The combination of the following key terms was used to retrieve relevant literature â€Å"physical/psychological problems, breast cancer, problems with radiation therapy, quality of life, experiences of breast cancer patients. Search generated 283articles, 52 duplicate results excluded. Through a selection process title and abstract screened, among those 30 were found to be relevant to the topic. Literature review Radiotherapy is one of the essential components of the cancer treatment. It minimizes risk of recurrence, improve survival rate (Bese, et al., 2006). This is done by using high-energy x-rays or gamma rays targeted at the tumor to shrink the tumors or kill cancer cells (Radvansky, Pace, Siddiqui, 2013). During the course of treatment, about two-thirds of patients will undergo radiation therapy, before and after surgery (Guo et al., 2013). Beside this adjuvant radiotherapy is advised after breast conserving surgery as well as after mastectomy to minimize the chances of reoccurrence of the disease. As Darby et al. (2011) found in their meta-analysis study that RT reduced 15-years of risk of breast cancer related death rate after breast conserving surgery. Beside its effectiveness, it exerts multiple physical, psychological and socio-economical problems on patients. Physical problems related to RT Radiation therapy affects cancer as well as normal body cells within the treated area, result in injury of the cells which lead to many side effects. The RT induced side effects include skin and mucous membrane toxicities, sleeplessness, pain, swelling, dyspnea, cough and nausea. (Adams, 2009; Currie Wheat 2006; Darby et al, 201; Gordils-Perez, Duell, 2003; Rose, 2011). In addition, skin problems are the most frequent side effect of RT which affects nearly 85% to 95% of patients and also cause skin damage (Bergstrom, 2011). Additionally, there are many long term side effects of breast irradiation like cosmetic changes hyperpigmentation, fibrosis, lymphedema, and damage to underlying normal structures (Gordils-Perez, Duell, 2003). Moreover, fatigue, soreness and dryness of throat, headache, and desquamation were also common symptom reported by patients receiving RT (Sherminie Cottrel, 2014). Among them fatigue is reported by 80% of the patients receiving RT which affects the role functioning of breast cancer female in their daily life (Poirier, 2011; Potthoff et al., 2013). The RT patent also endure sleep disturbance as Dhruva et al. (2012) reported that approximately 50% breast cancer patients have sleep disturbance at the initiation of radiation therapy. In this connection, a study conducted by Graydon (1994) highlighted that sleep disturbance and fatigues were the main areas of the life of women affected by RT. It influence the physical, cognitive and emotional aspects of the 80% of breast cancer patients underwent RT (Alcantara-Silva, Freitas-Junior, Freitas, Machado, 2013; Stone, Richards, Hern Hardy, 2001). As Currie and Wheat (2006) suggested that it is very important to address and remedy the evident side effect of RT because these are capable of limiting the patient’s ability to tolerate the planned treatment. Psychological problems Breast cancer remarkably affects women’s psychological well-being. One out of two patients with cancer experience psychological disorder (Reyes-Gibby, Anderson, Morrow, Shete Hassan, 2012; Spoletini, et al., 2008). Beside the disease process its treatment modalities also contribute in the psychological problems of the patient. As, Reyes-Gibby et al. (2012) proved that depression among women have positive associated with symptoms of disease and treatment of the breast cancer. In addition, RT is usually prescribed before and after surgery which tend to have its psychological effects on patient. A qualitative study conducted in Sri Lanka to explore the experiences of breast cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy, concluded that women feel fear of treatment, machines used in treatment and blackening of the skin. The study also reported patients feel uncomfortable and stressed in the presence of male staff members and waiting for long time in RT department (Sherminie Cottrel , 2014). In addition, Halkett, Kristjanson, and Lobb (2008) highlighted in their qualitative study, that the patients with breast cancer receiving radiotherapy, experience many kinds of fears like getting burnt, damage to internal body parts, and anticipating tiredness. These kinds of fears may have negative impact on compliance with the treatment regimen. Rose (2011) highlighted that patient feel high level of stress at the start RT because of unfamiliar technology, fear of potential side effects and being in an environment with other cancer patients. A literature review carried out by Lim, Devi, and Ang (2011) concluded that anxiety is predominant psychological issue of the all treatment modalities of the breast cancer across the globe and continue beyond the acute stage of treatment. In relevance to RT it is experienced by10 to 20% of the patients (Stielgelis et al., 2004). Moreover, the fatigue and pain related to RT may affect the sexuality of the patient by decreasing the desi re and arousal and skin changes result in burns affecting body image and self-esteem (Mercadante, Vitrano Catania, 2010). Therefore, the diagnosis and treatment can have a profound influence on a woman’s overall psychological well-being thus compromising the quality of life of the patient. Socio-economical Problems Breast cancer patients face multiple socio-economical problems because the cancer treatment is very expensive which may not be affordable for many of the patients particularly who belong to low income families. A well-established literature signifies that breast cancer patient treated with surgery also receives RT which may be additional financial burden for them especially in the limited resourced countries like Pakistan. Most of the developed countries of the world, large part of expenditure of the cancer treatment are paid by the government, but in Pakistan, the costs of the therapy are borne by the patient and their families (Zaidi, Ansari, Khan, 2012). Many breast cancer patients in Pakistan experience finical difficulties and use their savings to pay for treatment (Banning, Hassan, Faisal, Hafeez, 2010). Moreover, statistics also highlights that the incidence of breast cancer is increasing in countries with inadequate resources thus limiting the access to radiotherapy (Bese, 2006). Due to finical barriers, Pakistani female breast cancer patients face different challenges throughout the course of the disease (Ahmed, Shaikh, Hasan, 1997). Apart from economical issue woman with breast cancer faces many social and cultural problems in Pakistan. A qualitative study by Banning, Hassan, Faisal, and Hafeez (2010) reported that in Pakistani culture breast is considered a hidden organ that should not be exposed, discussed or touched by others. They also highlighted that most of their participants reported stigma attached to a diagnosis and likelihood surgery therefore they hide their diagnosis from family and local community. Furthermore, in conservative culture of developing countries female are less empowered and given low priority and their health issues are least bothered by the society (Tfayli, Temraz, AbouMrad, Shamseddine, 2010). In this regard, female with breast cancer may experience unbearable problems which may not be experienced by women of differen t cultural and social class (Aziz, Sana, Akram, Saeed, 2004). Knowledge of Treatment The above mentioned literature suggests that patients receiving RT face significant challenges and require appropriate information regarding their treatments, side effects of treatment and coping strategies allows them to feel more control over disease and its related problems. Such as, Halkett et al. (2012) emphasized that undergoing RT is difficult experience for patients which needs appropriate and specific information to have the better outcomes of the therapy. Though, the RT is an important treatment but their patients are found to be poorly informed (Halkett, Kristjanson, Lobb, 2008; Sherminie Cottrell, 2014). This may contribute in their fear, anxiety, stress, and compliance with treatment. Thus the appropriate information and guidance help the patient to make better choices of treatment modalities (Barnett et al., 2004). In addition, findings of a quantitative study by Zeguers et al. (2012) showed that RT patients want comprehensive information about their disease, treatmen t, and procedures, side effects, and prognosis with the mean scores between 4.1 and 4.4 on a scale from 1 to 5. In contrast, Barnett et al. (2004) emphasized that information needs vary among different individual therefore, a patient-centered approach must involve according to the tolerance and need of the patient. A randomized trial study conducted by Christman and Cain (2004) also concluded that patients receiving concrete objective information reported maintaining higher levels of usual function than those not receiving. Furthermore, giving information about symptom experiences helped them to mentally tackle uncertainty about their symptom experiences. Gap analysis The incidence of the breast cancer continues to rise worldwide. Multiple treatment modalities have positive impacts on prognosis of the cancer. Radiotherapy is one of the commonly used treatment modalities having its side effect as well. Moreover, available literature suggest that a series of problems faced by patients receiving RT. But, there is a profound need to develop clear understanding of the phenomenon that what patients experience when they undergo RT. Moreover, nursing literature needs to address the needs of these patients and recommend evidence based interventions to help them. Furthermore, in the context of Pakistani conservative culture women with breast cancer may be experiencing different problems than western women. Therefore, this study question needs a qualitative study to arrive at the desired outcome of better understanding of the situation.

One Person Can Change The World :: essays research papers

One Person Can Change the World One Person Can Change The World I believe very firmly that one person can change the world. That one person may not be able to do a whole lot physically to change the world, but one person has the power to inspire others to help that person change the world. I also believe very firmly that one person can set an example for others that may affect the outcome of any situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Just like in a baseball game where one person can hit the winning grand slam homerun, in life, one person can make the difference. The problem is that when the odds seem insurmountable, it seems impossible to overcome them and most people will give up. The true heroes in this world are those who don't give up in these times when things seem impossible to do.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The other thing I think is very important to note about the power of one person is that we need to look at what that one person is doing that is making a difference. One person can make a difference in someone else's life. I have had, in my life, many people that have made a huge difference. If someone changes your entire life or your outlook on it, your can definitely testify to the power of one. I think someone that can reach out to just one person's life is just as important as someone who can change the lives of millions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One last thing I think is important to note is that, in recognizing the power of one person to make a difference, we must also note the contributions of others to help put that person where they are. A further explanation of this would be to go back to our other scenario. When, in the last inning, someone hits a game-winning grand slam homerun, that person is very important. However it is also important to give credit to those on base or to his coaches who

Black Psychology Essay

Abstract: This is an autobiographical essay where I briefly analyzes and interpret significant and impactful events that has transpired over my last 20 years in my life from school to my community in Portland, Oregon. The objective of this essay is to connect concepts and the course objectives related to Black Psychology which I enrolled in at Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University (FAMU) spring 2009 term. The outline for this essay is in a chronological age order starting from my birth in 1988 till my current experience at FAMU. The book that is mainly referenced in this essay is the Kobi K. Kambon textbook African/ Black Psychology in American Context: An African Centered Approach along with Joseph Baldwin’s class lectures that I attended. Divided Among two Different Views of the World: But this is my Story The idea that a black person is from Portland, Oregon seems to be shocking information for certain African-Americans. Once I introduce myself to new friends and professors who never traveled to Portland or were never informed that â€Å"Black people† live in Oregon. Many are intrigued by this information and have a quest to know more. So to answer that question, yes there are blacks who live in Oregon. I am a product of Oregon I, Michelle Williams, was born and raised in the urban community in Portland amongst other African-Americans. One may assume that I had a difficult time growing up in Oregon. Experiencing discrimination, racism, or identity crisis; however, my six siblings and I never did. Although, I did not experience those types of issues, I understood that in Portland, the Black race was the minority and Europeans were the majority in the race factor. In addition, do not assume that my family lineage only lines in Oregon, on both sides of my family southern roots run deep. Therefore, southern traditions, values, morals, beliefs, and customs were inbreeded into my up brings. Without questions, I am an African-American woman from Portland, Oregon; however, my geographic region does not define my blackness, nor does it determine if I am capable of experiencing hardships like my fellow peers who were raised in Southern states. In my early childhood, I resided with my maternal grandmother due to my parent’s abuse to their environment and the use of narcotics. However, my time spent with my grandmother was not in vein, yet filled with years of observing and learning how to uphold traditional southern values, which the modern world of psychology considers the â€Å"African/ Black Worldviews†. In the book, African/ Black Psychology in the American context: An African- Centered Approach Kobi K. Kambon explains the difference between the African/ Black and European Worldviews. The four components that compose the worldviews are: cosmology, ontology, axiology, and epistemology (Kambon, 1998) In the African/ African-American worldviews one are taught to believe in oneness/ harmony with nature, survival of the group, sameness; whereas the European Worldview have the notion of survival of the fittest, competiveness, independence, and uniqueness (being different). In my middle childhood my parents redirected their life, and my mother returned to college and obtained her bachelors and masters in Psychology with a minor in Black Studies at Portland State University. While in school she begun to incorporate her findings into her parenting. Although, my mother and I were led by Eurocentric teachings, my family and our surroundings reinforced the black/African-American Worldviews in the household. I recall myself adapting to the ideologies and beliefs of those who were not within my own indigenous cultural group. Kambon defines this experience as a black child who has been influenced by Eurocentric teachings resulting in â€Å"Abnormal Unnatural Circumstances†. The child has accepted and identified him or herself as a member of a â€Å"group that is not indigenous cultural reality (Kambon, 1998). I was able to bounce back to the normal-nature circumstances, with the help of my Black community friends, and family through our morals and beliefs. I had to stay true to my own cultural reality and not be amongst those who are â€Å"cultural mis-identified†. An example of how I demonstrated abnormal unnatural circumstances was when I accepted the European philosophies and allowed the whites to dictate and define what was appropriate or correct based off their standards and views on life. By this I allowed the notion that white Barbie dolls are better, rather than the Black China Doll my grandmother purchased for Christmas one year. While in middle school, which is considered my late or pre-adolescence years, I was offered acceptance into the Talent and Gift also known as the TAG program. The TAG programs honors and congratulates students â€Å"who demonstrated outstanding abilities or potentials in areas of general intellectual ability or specific ability aptitude† (Davenport Community School Website). After discovering the truth in the Black Psychology course, I have come to the understanding that this particular program has several flaws that discriminates against the Black race. The black students who excel above the standards set for Blacks are called â€Å"Talented or Gifted†. In chapter eight it stated that â€Å"there was some Blacks who scored as high as Whites on Standard tests of so-called intelligence (i.e research on Black â€Å"gifted† children)† (Kambon, 1998). The foundation of the Tag program continues and supports â€Å"White Supremacy†. The definition the European psychologist use to define intelligence which were examined on Caucasians only was: â€Å"(a) the repertoire of intellectual/cognitive skills and knowledge available to a person at any one period of time, or (b) the aggregate of global capacity of the individual to act purposely, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his/her environment† (Kambon,1998). The names of a couple of exams that exemplified that one was intelligent were: The Alfred Binet and the Binet Test, also known as Intelligence Quotient/ IQ, Charles Spearman with the GS Factor test, and a few others (Kambon, 1998). Robert L. Williams the second National Chairman/ President of American of Black Psychologists (ABPsi) (Kambon, 1998), developed a â€Å"Black â€Å"cultural specific† intelligence test which demonstrated that Blacks could perform superiority to Whites on such a Black cultural based test. The test was called Black Intelligence Test for Cultural Homogeneity† formally known as â€Å"BITCH’. His intelligence test showcased that African-American students were out performing whites by 30 to 50 points (Kambon, 1998). In relations to my acceptance to the TAG program I felt a sense of being privileged, superior, and connected to the white race in some sense. I belittled my peers who the Europeans and the test scored them as being underachievers. Through my actions I had continued on the European worldviews. The people see the good that the TAG program promotes; however, there are down sides and negative characteristics of being called a â€Å"Talented or Gifted† child. In my early adolescence years, I was considered at times a student who could be insubordinate, disrespectful, and disruptive in class. However, my actions were to challenge an question my teacher’s philosophy about Western History, colonization in Africa, slavery, and anything that focused on the Black race. Now looking back on what transpired in high school I was trying to discover the truth regarding my peoples. I tried to unravel the mess that the Europeans, Western historians, philosophers, and psychologist created. Removing the blind folds that had been placed over my eyes through the European teachings; I was tired of receiving the edited, shorten, and beautified story the teachers and academic curriculum spoon-feed me every year during the one month Blacks are allowed to celebrate their history (February). I have come to accept that knowledge is key and discovered like John Henrik Clarke that, â€Å"African History/ Negro History are the missing pages of World History† (John Henrik Clarke, 1996). In chapter three of Kambon books, he explains this idea of cultural reality and worldviews construct, and how â€Å"ones thoughts beliefs, values and actions are not uniquely our own, distinct and separate from those of others, particularly other individuals† (Kambon, 119). In today’s society we accept as true that European’s set the standards or dictated/ guide one to believe that their ways of living and doing things are how things ought to be done; continues white supremacy. I am now in my third year at FAMU as a nursing major interested in psychology, following sibling’s footsteps of attending a Historical Black University. My journey in the Black Psychology has taught me new things about my personality and where I come from. In my opinion Oregon is a diverse and complex state. I had adopted and balanced the different worldviews. From my secondary education I have come to a new found knowledge about this Black Psychology and it’s striving for perfection in the Black communities. I have come to understand that my people are from the Southern or African Cradle, which developed before the Northern or European Cradle a model Diop (Kambon, 1998). I am from the lineage of infamous Pharaoh’s and Queens such as Narmar, Pharaoh and Queen who whore the red and white crown Hatshepsut (Abarry, 1996). For years information has been hidden and sheltered from my peers and I. Not only from the African descendents in Oregon, but from all of the descendents of Africa has that populated the 50 states in America. I have learned that I am a descendant of great Queens and Kings and African’s who were educated, governed themselves, ran a successful economy that was developed in many aspects before the 1500’s when Europeans arrived. Ancient Kemit (KMT) and the Ma’at which is the foundation in which the KMT people lived by (Abarry, 1996). I have grown accustomed to both Western and this new psychology called â€Å"Black Psychology†. I am able to observe and fully understand and acknowledge the course objectives in Black Psychology because I have been in the ream of both worlds. My parents were educated and products of the early 60’s; where there was a large movement on civil rights and black psychologist making a change for the black community. Such as the Pan-African Cultural nationalism movement group who where â€Å"Black Psychologist who advocate that race and culture are the foundation of African self-identity and psychological well being† (Kambon, 1998). Black psychology has made tremendous accomplishments; they have challenged the ideals and ideologies of Western Psychology. Rather than being the blinded test mice used in Western Psychology, Black psychologist has made a mark in Psychology. There has been a creation of Psychology geared to the Blacks. They have developed an impressive editorial journal that comes out quarterly called The Journal of Black Psychology which has been around for about 35 years (Kambon, 1996). The members of the Association of Black Psychologist have overcome many obstacles that have been presented in front of them, and will continue to do so for following years to come (Kamon, 1998). I find that my mind was once held captive in a sense, before I entered college under Eurocentric teachings. I upheld the ideas of Eurocentric teachings, yet the status quo has changed; in favor for the Black Race, and my cognitive for that matter. In today’s society black children are taught by a Eurocentric teaching, where there is a mis-education which manifests itself in the Eurocentric conceptual incarceration (Kambon, 1998). The portrait the European psychologists painted through their views and studies of the black race, personality, mental health, and behavioral problems have not reflected the Black people in anyway. On the contrary it has caused a separation between blacks. Those who believed in changing the psychology world for the black race have succeeded at founding its place and did not allow the standards set by Western Psychology to be the foundation for Black Psychology (Kambon, 1996). Today the black’s can see the ‘great depth of the Eurocentric cultural incarceration that encapsulates African intellectual consciousness and scholarship. † (Kambon,1998). Which has caused a developmental problem of the knowledge of the African/ black race. From the motivation of Francis Cecil Sumner, Herman G. Canady, Robert L. Williams, Marcus Gravey, Nat Turners, W. E. B Dubois, Frances Cress Welsing, and the thousands of members of the Association of Black Psychology, there is a psychology that focuses on the black community which is not defined by the Western Psychology standards. It is up to students like me to utilize the essential tools from courses like Black Psychology, and turn a deaf ear to the myths and misleading information that the Western Psychology once succeeded at incarcerating. This was my experience from growing up in Portland, Oregon and making a much need journey to Florida A&M University which landed me a seat in Dr. Joseph Baldwin course Black Psychology. References Abarry, S. , Asante, M. ,(1996). African intellectual Heritiage. Philadelphia, PA: Temple Press A Great and Might Walk. Dir. St. Claire Bourne. Perf. Wesley Snipes John Henrik Clarke. 1996. Bourne, C. [Westley Snipes] (1996): Los Angles Davenport Community School Website. (1998, Aug). Retrieved Mar. 09, 2009, from http://www. davenport. k12. ia. us/curriculum/gifted. asp Kambon, K. (1998). African/ black psychology in the american context: an african- centered approach. Tallahassee, Fl: Nubian Nation Publication.

Free Essays on Stem Cell Research Debate

Stem Cell Research – The Debate INTRODUCTION: Contemporary medical research and technologies have presented humankind with complex ethical questions and moral realities never conceived. These realities and quandaries necessitate cautious scrutiny and consideration as new therapies are developed to cure life-impeding acquired conditions and pitiless diseases such as spinal cord injury, burns, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, heart disease, and diabetes. Various organizations of government, faith, and of the medical and bioethics establishments are challenged to embrace an unprecedented life-altering technology that will potentially heal and alleviate all human forms of pain and suffering. This technology is stem-cell research. The state of this contemporary medical research is languishing because the issue is swollen with hesitation regarding public funding, opposition from right-to-life advocates, matters of possible abuse that could lead to notorious cloning technology, and laws and law-creating that have not necessarily been interpreted to include stipulations regarding stem cell research or given permission to pursue this profound research under strict governmental guidelines. The questions of whether stem cell research is legally permissible, scientifically promising and ethically proper are divisive as the Pope at the Vatican to the policy-makers on Capitol Hill contemplate and define life, the quality of life and the sanctity of life in a rapidly shifting world. STEM CELL RESEARCH OVERVIEW – WHAT ARE STEM CELLS?: Stem Cells are considered â€Å"master cells† or â€Å"early cells capable of transforming into any kind of cell or tissue in the body† (Washington Post, May 2001). They possess the ability to divide indefinitely as isolated cultures. According to the report issues by the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Institute for Civil Society in 1999, there are three different t... Free Essays on Stem Cell Research Debate Free Essays on Stem Cell Research Debate Stem Cell Research – The Debate INTRODUCTION: Contemporary medical research and technologies have presented humankind with complex ethical questions and moral realities never conceived. These realities and quandaries necessitate cautious scrutiny and consideration as new therapies are developed to cure life-impeding acquired conditions and pitiless diseases such as spinal cord injury, burns, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, heart disease, and diabetes. Various organizations of government, faith, and of the medical and bioethics establishments are challenged to embrace an unprecedented life-altering technology that will potentially heal and alleviate all human forms of pain and suffering. This technology is stem-cell research. The state of this contemporary medical research is languishing because the issue is swollen with hesitation regarding public funding, opposition from right-to-life advocates, matters of possible abuse that could lead to notorious cloning technology, and laws and law-creating that have not necessarily been interpreted to include stipulations regarding stem cell research or given permission to pursue this profound research under strict governmental guidelines. The questions of whether stem cell research is legally permissible, scientifically promising and ethically proper are divisive as the Pope at the Vatican to the policy-makers on Capitol Hill contemplate and define life, the quality of life and the sanctity of life in a rapidly shifting world. STEM CELL RESEARCH OVERVIEW – WHAT ARE STEM CELLS?: Stem Cells are considered â€Å"master cells† or â€Å"early cells capable of transforming into any kind of cell or tissue in the body† (Washington Post, May 2001). They possess the ability to divide indefinitely as isolated cultures. According to the report issues by the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Institute for Civil Society in 1999, there are three different t...

To determine the effect of flowrate on rate of heat transfer Essays

To determine the effect of flowrate on rate of heat transfer Essays To determine the effect of flowrate on rate of heat transfer Essay To determine the effect of flowrate on rate of heat transfer Essay A concentric tube or double pipe heat exchanger is one that is composed of two circular tubes. One fluid flows in the inner tube, while the other fluid flows in the annular space between the two tubes. In counter flow, the two fluids flow in parallel, but opposite directions. In parallel-flow the two fluids flow in parallel and in the same direction.Fig. (1)PROCEDURE:The work was carried out the lower exchanger of a pair of concentric tube heat exchange. The lower exchanger had water passing through the inner tube, being heated by steam which flows into the outer tube and condenses. The condensate usually returns to the steam boiler, but there was a sampling facility so it may be collected and timed to determine condensate flowrate.The water to the lower exchanger was turned on and the flow was set to the desired rate. The condensate return line was checked if it was open to drain (floor),then the stem was turned on to the lower exchanger and the pressure was set at 10 psig.The system was allowed to reach study state (when outlet temperatures no longer vary), then the water temperature in and out of the lower exchanger was measured, the steam temperature, the condensate temperature, the water flowrate and the condensate flowrate. The condensate flowrate was determined by measuring the time of collection of a know volume of condensate.The procedure was carried out foe six different cold water flowrates over a wide range of values; for each run was ensured that the study state has been reached before taking readings.THEORY:A major resistance to heat transfer from the hot steam to the cold water is due a stagnant layer of steam and water on the surface on each side of metal wall of the inner tube. If the flowrate of the cold water is increased, the cold water becomes more turbulent and the stagnant layer on the cold water side of the inner becomes thinner, thus reducing its resistance to heat transfer.An energy balance shows that, at study state.-Loss of heat from the hot steam, Qh= gain of heat by the cold water, QcFor the water side:QC=mc.Cpc. (Tc out Tc in) (1)For the steam side:Qh =mh.?v+mh.Cph. (Ts-Th out) . (2)Where mh can be calculated from mh = Fh* ?cAnd mc = Fc * ?cSymbols:-Cpc= specific heat capacity of cold water, J/kg.KCph= specific heat capacity of hot condensate, J/chg.Fc = volumetric flowrate of cold water, m3/sFh = volumetric flowrate of hot condensate, m3/smc = mass flowrate of cold water, kg/smh = mass flowrate of hot condensate, kg/sQc = energy gained by cold water, J/sQh = energy lost by steam, J/sTc in = temperature of cold water enteringTs = temperature of steam entering exchanger, KTh out = temperature of hot condensate leaving exchanger, K?v = latent heat of vaporisation of steam, J/kg?c = density of cold water, kg/m3?h = density of hot condensate, kg/m3RESULTS:The results which took in the laboratory:RunsCold water flowrate (Litters/min)Steam in temp.Steam out temp.Could water in temp.(C)Co uld water out temp.(C)Condensate flowrate (millilitres/min)1171131120.74118001840221131120.784128036003151131120.74120401680451121110.763136012805101131120.74814401566CALCULATION:Note:Conversion:(Litters/min) = (0.001/60) (m3/s)(Millilitres/min) = (0.000001/60) (m3/s)C= 273 KData given:Cpc = 4180 J/kg.KCph = 4220 J/kg.k?v =2.22 * 106 J/kg.k?c = 996 Kg/m3?h = 958 Kg/m3Fc (m3/s)Fh (m3/s)mc (kg/s)mh (kg/s)Ts (K)Th out (K)Tc in (K)Tc out (K)Qc (J/s)Qh (J/s)%3.33E-050.0000220.03320.02107638638528035710685.7546877.66125.7462238.33E-050.0000220.0830.02107638538428033619428.6446877.6682.79460750.0001670.0000250.1660.0239538638528032128449.0853270.0760.7470570.000250.0000310.2490.02969838638528031435387.8866054.8960.46169070.0002833.03333E-050.28220.02905933338638528031440106.2664634.3546.835865* To worked out the value of Qc we used equation ( 1), but first we must got the value of mc from this equation :mc = Fc * ?cTo get values of Fc we convert the values of cold water flowrate from (Litt ers/min) to (m3/s), after we did all that steps we can work out the value of Qc easily. (As we know the value of ?c and Cpc given)Example: (I used the first run in this example):Fc = 17 * (0.001/60) = 0.000283 (m3/s)mc=0.000283 * 996= 0.2822 kg/sQc =0.2822 * 4180 (314 280) = 40106.26 J/s* To worked out the value of Qh we used equation (2), but we had first to got the value of mh from this equation:mh = Fh* ?cTo get value of Fh we took the average of the condensate floweate values and then we converted it from (millilitres/min) to (m3/s).Example: (I used the first run in this example):Fh = (1800+1840)/2 * (0.000001/60) = 3.03333E-05(m3/s)mh=3.03333E-05 * 958 = 0.029059333 kg/sQh = 0.029059333*2.22 * 106 + 0.029059333 * 996 (386 385) =64634.35 J/sDISSCUSSING THE RESULT CONCOLUTION:* When the flowrate is increased the % difference between the energy lost by steam and the energy gained by cold water will decrease.* The relation between Qc and Fc is direct proportion, therefore to tran sfer heat faster, we must increase the flowrate.* The value of the % difference in the first run is 125.7, which I think it is wrong and that happened because the flowarete value was too small, and that make the value of Qc small as well, therefore the difference is high.